How does Air-gapped wallet receive address creation work?

Hello everyone, I’m working on putting together a little class at my local community center on BTC and self custody and as I’ve been working on it, I’ve come to a question I can’t seem to find a straight forward answer to and that I had never really questioned myself til now.

I’m curious to know how my software wallet client (sparrow, electrum, ect) can generate a receive address without access to the private keys on my airgapped-hardware wallet to create the key-pair. I don’t need a specific technical answer just some kinda high level generalization of how it works.

Thanks again everyone! Hope everyone is having a good weekend. ????