Polkadot already shows the difference in their own documentation. Just make sure to read Ethereum documentation too to make sure you're not biased.
Basically, Polkadot uses two different mechanisms of block production: a random attributor that sometimes fails its goal (by either attributing no validator to block production or attributing more than one) and a round-robin selection process that is used secondarily to produce a block whenever the random fails by having no validator being selected.
A ZK-based random is in progress to simplify all that and replace it with a more direct random that doesn't fail from time to time. Not yet implemented, though.
Polkadot uses a type of delegated PoS, where only the X validators with the most tokens (including tokens delegated to them) are actively validating, while all others are only staking through validator they nominate.
Users also elect a council of 13 members who decide about future protocol changes and vote such changes. Users still have to vote for all changes of the council gets at least 60% of votes approving the rule change, but the council vote also determines whether the actual user vote will be influenced positively (if and only if unanimous) or negatively.
Basically, it means users who don't vote are assumed to be either more or less for or more or less against the vote, either increasing or decreasing the percentage of votes approving the change for it to be enacted.
Polkadot uses a principle of parachains. It's a bit like having L2s, except that all data lives in the whole chain (and I'm not sure they have any way to protect users from parachains), parachains having a subset of data and storing smart contracts. I don't know yet how they handle smart contract between parachains and the main chain, though: how do they handle assets locked in parachains if they go down?
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